Abstract
Water shortage has become a major agricultural concern, and “The Sustainable Water Resources Research Program” in Korea is currently addressing this problem through the development of treatment systems for reclaiming wastewater and the assessment of human health risks associated with its reuse. Through this program, started in 2001, many studies have examined various water resources. Reclaiming wastewater is one way to alleviate water-shortage pressures, and one of the major potential uses of reclaimed water is irrigation. However, the main concern with reusing reclaimed wastewater is the increased likelihood of human contact that might result in exposure to pathogens and increased health risks. Relatively few studies have examined the toxic risks using reclaimed wastewater for irrigation in rice paddy fields. This study provides an overview of methods for quantitative microbial risk assessment and toxic risk assessment of heavy metal concentrations developed in the previous studies that can be applied to the evaluation of rice paddy fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater in South Korea.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
An YJ, Kampbell DH, Breidenbach GP (2002) Escherichia coli and total coliforms in water and sediments at like marinas. Environ Pollut 120:771–778
An YJ, Yoon CG, Jung KW, Ham JH (2007) Estimating the microbial risk of E. coli in reclaimed wastewater irrigation on paddy field. Environ Monit Assess 129:53–60
Asano T, Leong LYC, Rigby MG, Sakaji RH (1992) Evaluation of the California wastewater reclamation criteria using enteric virus monitoring data. Water Sci Technol 26(7–8):1513–1524
Ayers RS, Westcot DW (1994) Water quality for agriculture Rome. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Italy
Blumenthal UJ, Mara DD, Peasey A, Ruiz-Palacios G, Stott R (2000) Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guideline. Bull World Health Organ 78(9):1104–1116
Burmaster DE, Anderson PD (1994) Principles of good practice for use of Monte Carlo techniques in human health and ecological risk assessment. Risk Anal 14(4):477–481
Cohen JT, Lampson MA, Bowers TS (1996) The use of two-stage Monte-carlo simulation techniques to characterize variability and uncertainty in risk. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 2:939–971
Fewtrell L, Bartram J (2001) Water quality. Guidelines, standards and health: assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease. IWA Publishing, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva
Franco A, Schuhmacher M, Roca E, Domingo JL (2006) Application of cattle manure as fertilizer in pastureland: estimating the incremental risk due to metal accumulation employing a multicompartment model. Environ Int 32:724–732
Ginneken M, Oron G (2000) Risk assessment of consuming agricultural products irrigated with reclaimed wastewater: an exposure model. Water Resour Res 36:2691–2699
Haas CN, Rose JB, Gerba C, Regli S (1993) Risk assessment of virus in drinking water. Risk Anal 13:545–552
Haas CN, Rose JB, Gerba C (1999) Quantitative microbial risk assessment. Wiley, New York
Hamilton AJ, Stagnitti F, Kumarage SC, Premier RR (2007) RIRA: a tool for conducting health risk assessments for irrigation of edible crops with recycled water. Comput Electron Agric 57:80–87
Jang JY, Jo SN, Kim SY, Kim SJ, Cheong HK (2007) Korean exposure factors handbook. Korean Ministry of Environment, Seoul
Jung KW, Yoon CG, An YJ, Jang JH, Jeon JH (2005) Microbial risk assessment in treated wastewater irrigation on paddy rice plot. Korea J Limnol 38(2):225–236
Jung KW, Yoon CG, Jang JH, Jeon JH (2007) Characteristics of indicator microorganisms in paddy rice plots after reclaimed water irrigation. Water Sci Technol 55(1–2):267–273
KME (2011) The guidance about risk assessment for soil contamination. Korean Ministry of Environment, Seoul
KMW (2011) Korea health statistics 2010: Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES V-1). Korean Ministry of Health & Welfare
KNIER (2007) The notification about risk assessment method. Korea National Institute of Environmental Research
Lazarova V, Levine B, Shack J, Cirelli G, Jeffrey P, Muntau H, Salgot M, Brissaud F (2001) Role of water reuse for enhancing integrated water management in Europe and Mediterranean countries. Water Sci Technol 43(10):25–33
Liu WX, Shen LF, Liu JW, Wang YW, Li SR (2007) Uptake of toxic heavy metals by rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in the agricultural soil near Zhengzhou City, People’s Republic of China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 79:209–213
Macler BA, Regil S (1993) Use of microbial risk assessment in setting US drinking water standards. Int J Food Microbiol 18:245–256
National Research Council (1983) Risk assessment in federal government: managing the process. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Nwachukul N, Gerb CP (2004) Microbial risk assessment: don’t forget the children. Curr Opin Microbiol 7:206–209
Peasey A, Blumenthal UJ, Mara D, Ruiz-Palacios G (2000) A review of policy and standards for wastewater reuse in agriculture: a Latin American perspective. WELL study, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WEDC Loughborough University. 68(2):15–18
Petterson SR, Ashbolt N, Sharma A (2001) Microbial risks from wastewater irrigation of salad crops: a screening-level risk assessment. Water Environ Res 72:667–672
Postel S (1992) Last oasis (facing water scarcity), The Worldwatch environmental alert series. W. W. Norton & Company, NewYork
Rath AK, Swain B, Ramakrishnan B, Panda D, Adhya TK, Rao VR, Sethunathan N (2000) Influence of fertilizer management and water regime on methane emission from rice fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 76:99–107
Rhee HP, Yoon CG, Son YK, Jang JH (2011) Quantitative risk assessment for reclaimed wastewater irrigation on paddy rice field in Korea. Paddy Water Environ 9:183–191
Rose JB, Dickson LJ, Farrah SR, Carnahan RP (1996) Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a full-scale water reclamation facility. Water Res 30:2785–2797
Shi RG, Peng SW, Wang YH, Zhang H, Zhao YJ, Liu FZ, Zhou QX (2008) Countermeasures of reclaimed municipal wastewater for safety of agricultural use in china. Agric Sci China. 7(11):1365–1373
Tanaka H, Asano T, Schroeder ED, Tchobanoglous G (1998) Estimating the safety of wastewater reclamation and reuse using enteric virus monitoring data. Water Environ Res 70(1):39–51
US EPA (1989) Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I : human health evaluation manual (Part A). EPA/540/1-89/002. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
US EPA (1991) Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I: human health evaluation manual (Part B, Development of Risk-based Preliminary Remediation Goals). EPA/540/R-92/003. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
US EPA (1992) Manual: guidelines for water reuse. EPA/625/R-92/004. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
US EPA (1996) Soil screening guidance: technical background document. EPA/540/R95/128. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
US EPA (1997) exposure factors handbook (1997 Final Report). EPA/600/P-95/002F a-c. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
US EPA (2004a) Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I: human health evaluation manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment). EPA/540/R/99/005. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
US EPA (2004b) Guidelines for water reuse. EPA/624/R-04/108. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
US EPA (2012) Integrated risk information system (IRIS). In: A–Z list of substances. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList. Accessed 5 Mar 2012
WHO (2006) Guidelines for the safe use of wastewaters, excreta and greywater: volume 2 Wastewater use in agriculture. World Health Organization, Geneva
Zarcinas BA, Ishak CF, McLaughlin MK, Cozens G (2004a) Heavy metals in soils and crops in southeast Asia. 1. Peninsular Malaysia. Environ Geochem Health 26:343–357
Zarcinas BA, Ishak CF, McLaughlin MK, Cozens G (2004b) Heavy metals in soils and crops in southeast Asia. 2. Thailand. Environ Geochem Health 26:359–371
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Son, Y.K., Yoon, C.G., Rhee, H.P. et al. A review on microbial and toxic risk analysis procedure for reclaimed wastewater irrigation on paddy rice field proposed for South Korea. Paddy Water Environ 11, 543–550 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-012-0347-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-012-0347-x